The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was once one of Europe’s largest and most powerful states, built on an unusually free political system and broad religious tolerance. Over time, that same system ...

TimesMachine is an exclusive benefit for home delivery and digital subscribers. About the Archive This is a digitized version of an article from The Times’s print archive, before the start of online ...

TimesMachine is an exclusive benefit for home delivery and digital subscribers. About the Archive This is a digitized version of an article from The Times’s print archive, before the start of online ...

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